The
time period “telepathy” was coined in 1882 by Frederic Myers, founding father of the Society
for Psychical Analysis, throughout his investigation into what was previously recognized
as “thought transference.” Experiences and documented
instances of thought transference abound in nearly each tradition courting again for
millennia, however in the course of the 20th century, the scientific technique was
utilized and repeatable experiments had been carried out which proved, with mixed
odds towards likelihood of trillions to 1, that telepathy is certainly a real
phenomenon.
The
commonest technique of testing perceptual-psi (ESP/telepathy) is to isolate a
check topic from a hidden goal object or particular person positioned at a distance and see
if the check topic can precisely describe the goal or mentally affect
the opposite particular person. A whole lot of variations
have been carried out on experiments following this fundamental design:
“A
basic experiment in telepathy was reported in 1923 by Dr. H. I. F. W.
Brugmans and his colleagues within the Division of Psychology on the College of Groningen,
The Netherlands. On this experiment, a 23 year-old physics
scholar named Van Dam was investigated for his claimed telepathic skills. He was positioned inside a curtained sales space,
blindfolded, and requested to position his arm underneath the curtain to pick out one sq.
on a 6 x 8 checkerboard positioned on a desk subsequent to the curtain. The goal sq. Van Dam was making an attempt to
choose was decided randomly by the experimenter on every trial. An assistant experimenter knew the goal
sq. and tried to mentally affect Van Dam’s arm actions to information him to
choose the proper goal sq. … The outcomes of the experiment had been extraordinarily
vital, with 60 successes out of 187 trials reasonably than the 4 anticipated by
likelihood. That’s related to odds
towards likelihood of 121 trillion to 1.”
-Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (82-3)
“A
second basic experiment that has withstood the check of time is the ESP card
check, as popularized by J. B. Rhine’s Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke College. This check concerned playing cards imprinted with one
of 5 symbols: circle, sq., wavy strains, star and triangle … In a typical
experimental run, the deck was completely shuffled after which one particular person would
choose every card in flip and attempt to mentally ship the image on that card to a
distant particular person. This method made it
doable to gather a whole lot of trials shortly, in all kinds of
environments, and underneath managed circumstances … Rhine’s 1940 guide, Extrasensory
Notion After Sixty Years mixed his 60 years of ESP analysis, 188
totally different experiments with 1000’s of trials, through which even essentially the most extremely
managed research had odds towards likelihood of 375 trillion to 1.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (84-5)
In
1933, Hubert E. Pearce Jr., a scholar of J.B. Rhine’s at Duke College
launched himself saying that he had inherited his mom’s clairvoyant
skills and can be keen to scientifically check and confirm his
abilities. For the subsequent seven months, Rhine labored with Pearce devising, performing, and
documenting the now well-known Pearce-Pratt distance telepathy checks at his Duke
Parapsychology Lab. The experiment
consisted of 700 runs via 25-card ESP decks with Pearce appearing because the
telepathic receiver whereas one other scholar, Gaither Pratt, was the sender. Pratt merely laid down one card per minute
and targeting it, whereas Pearce, from one other constructing on campus, tried
to telepathically learn and/or clairvoyantly see every card. After 1,850 trials, Pearce guessed the
right card 558 instances (32%), which is 188 instances above likelihood expectation
(20%). Although this 12% distinction could
not sound like a lot, it’s related to odds towards likelihood of 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
to 1.
One other
fashionable and infrequently replicated psi experiment is called the “Ganzfield”
telepathy check. In a ganzfield check, Participant
A sits in a cushty, reclining chair, wears headphones taking part in pink noise
(peaceable waterfall sound), has halved ping-pong balls positioned over their eyes,
and a tender crimson mild shined on them.
This kind of sensory deprivation ends in a dreamy state of consciousness
through which the topic turns into extra open to psychological strategies/impressions. As soon as Participant 1 is absolutely immersed on this
“ganzfield situation,” Participant 2 sits in one other room watching a
freeze-frame image on a TV display screen and makes an attempt to telepathically ship that
picture to Participant 1. Later,
Participant 1 comes out of the ganzfield state, discusses their impressions, is
proven 4 pictures, and should select which one they suppose Participant 2 was sending
them.
“From
1974 via 2004 a complete of 88 ganzfield experiments reporting 1,008 hits in
3,145 trials had been performed. The mixed
hit charge was 32% as in comparison with the chance-expected 25%. This 7% above-chance impact is related
with odds towards likelihood of 29,000,000,000,000,000,000 (or 29 quintillion) to 1.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (120)
fashionable ganzfield experiment is as near the right psi experiment as anybody
is aware of find out how to conduct. Till lately,
the ganzfield experiments had been largely unknown exterior of the self-discipline of
parapsychology. Then, in 1994,
psychologists Daryl Bem from Cornell College and Charles Honorton from the College of Edinburgh revealed a meta-analysis of
ganzfield research in Psychological Bulletin, a well-regarded educational
psychology journal. That paper supplied
robust proof for a real psi impact.
Bem and Honorton’s assessment of earlier ganzfield research estimated an
impact with total odds towards likelihood of 48 billion to 1.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (117-8)
In Upton Sinclair’s 1930
guide Psychological Radio he cataloged a sequence of picture-drawing telepathy experiments
carried out in collaboration along with his ESP-gifted spouse Mary Craig Sinclair. Throughout these checks Upton or associates/household would sketch a small
object after which Mary, in one other room, one other home, and even miles away, would
mentally understand the picture and reproduce the sketch herself. Psychological Radio incorporates scores of those
sketches which present unimaginable similarities far past what anybody would anticipate
by likelihood. In conclusion to those
experiments, Upton Sinclair wrote, “there isn’t a factor on this planet that
leads me to [write this book] besides the conviction which has been compelled upon
me that telepathy is actual, and that loyalty to the character of the universe makes
it essential for me to say so … It’s silly to be satisfied with out proof,
however it’s equally silly to refuse to be satisfied by actual proof.”
“A second instance ofpicture-drawing experiments is described within the guide Thoughts to Thoughts, revealed in
1948, by French researcher Rene Warcollier … Warcollier was already satisfied
that telepathy existed via the work of Rhine and others, so his books
primarily explored the way it labored … He famous that pictures weren’t transmitted
like images however had been ‘scrambled, damaged up into part components which
are sometimes transmuted into a brand new sample.’
What Warcollier demonstrated is appropriate with what fashionable cognitive
neuroscience has discovered about how visible pictures are constructed by the
mind. It implies that telepathic
perceptions bubble up into consciousness from the unconscious and are most likely
processed within the mind in the identical method that we generate pictures in desires. And thus telepathic ‘pictures’ are far much less
sure than sensory-driven pictures and topic to distortion.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (92-93)
A
third picture-drawing experiment was performed in 1941 at Cambridge College
by psychologist Whatley Carington. He
recruited 250 college students to try to copy sketches in a sequence of 5
experiments, with 10 drawings every, for a complete of fifty targets. By the top of the research Carington had
collected 2,200 scholar sketches which he then cross-matched with the unique
50 doable targets. Amazingly he discovered
1,209 drawings (55%) had been just like the targets! And that is from 250 totally different college students with
no specific ESP presents or earlier expertise.
One other
telepathy check that has been scientifically investigated for practically a century
is the sense of being stared at. In a
typical research of this type, Participant 1 stands along with his again turned to
Particpant 2, who stands just a few meters behind him. Subsequent Partcipant 2 flips a coin to determine
whether or not he’ll stare in the back of Participant 1’s head for 10 seconds, or
look away for 10 seconds. After the ten
seconds go, Participant 1 information their impression, sure or no, and the coin
is flipped once more for the subsequent trial.
biologist Rupert Sheldrake has popularized experiments based mostly on this straightforward
design … and underneath extra managed circumstances, corresponding to these involving use of
blindfolds, no trial-by-trial suggestions, and much more safe circumstances corresponding to
having [participants] stare via a window from a distance. I discovered 60 such experiments involving a complete
of 33,357 trials from publications cited by Sheldrake and others. The general success charge in these experiments
was 54.5% the place likelihood expectation is 50%.
The general odds towards likelihood are a staggering 202 octodecillion
(that’s 20,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000)
to 1.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (127)
In
over a dozen scientific experiments during the last 45 years, utilizing EEG and MRI
mind scanning expertise, pairs of an identical twins have been separated into
totally different rooms, and one in all them subjected to visible or emotional stimulus
which is then discovered to register on each of their brains concurrently. This has additionally been proven to occur (with a
decrease correlation charge) between household, associates, and full strangers as
properly.
design utilized in these electroencephalograph or ‘EEG correlation’ experiments
asks, in impact, whether or not poking one particular person will produce an ouch response in a
distant companion. It’s not really useful to
poke individuals within the mind, so as a substitute we use a stimulus like a flashing mild to
trigger one of many brains to leap electrically in a predictable method, after which we
have a look at the opposite, distant mind to see if it’s leaping on the identical time.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (136)
Jacobo Grinberg-Zylberbaum and his colleagues from the Nationwide Autonomous
College of Mexico reported a sequence of research through which they claimed to
detect simultaneous mind responses within the EEGs of separated pairs of
individuals. Certainly one of their research was
revealed within the journal Physics Essays, stimulating one other spherical of
replication makes an attempt. In 2003, a
profitable replication was reported in Neuroscience Letters by EEG specialist
Jiri Wackermann and his colleagues … Wackermann’s staff concluded that ‘We’re
going through a phenomenon which is neither simple to dismiss as a methodological
failure or a technical artifact nor understood as to its nature. No biophysical mechanism is presently recognized
that might be accountable for the noticed correlations between EEGs of two
separated topics.’ One other profitable replication, this time reported by
Leanna Standish of Bastyr College and her colleagues, was lately reported
within the medical journal Various Therapies in Well being and Medication. They performed an EEG correlation experiment
with the receiving participant positioned in a purposeful magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) scanner … They discovered a extremely vital enhance in mind
exercise (odds towards likelihood of 14,000 to 1) within the receiving particular person’s visible
cortex (behind the mind) whereas the distant companion was viewing a
flickering mild. The identical group later
efficiently replicated this discovering.”
-Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (137-8)
The
man who invented the EEG, Hans Berger, truly got interested within the mind
and the powers of the human psyche after a telepathic expertise he had in
early maturity. It started when someday,
as a soldier throughout a army coaching train, he was thrown off his horse
and practically trampled by a horse-drawn cannon:
the motive force of the artillery battery managed to cease the horses simply in
time. The accident left Hans completely
shaken however with out critical harm. At
that very second, many miles away in his household’s dwelling, Hans’s older sister was
abruptly overwhelmed with an ominous certainty that one thing dangerous had occurred
to Hans. She anxiously insisted that
their father contact him, and so he did by way of telegram. That night, when Hans obtained the
telegram, he was initially involved, as he had by no means earlier than obtained a
telegram from his father. Then, upon
studying his sister’s pressing concern about his well-being, he knew that his
emotions of intense worry earlier within the day had by some means reached his
sister. A few years later, Hans wrote,
‘This can be a case of spontaneous telepathy through which at a time of mortal hazard,
and as I contemplated sure loss of life, I transmitted my ideas, whereas my
sister, who was notably near me, acted because the receiver.’” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (22)
“If
telepathy is an actual truth, it is extremely doable that it’s working at each
second and in every single place, however with too little depth to be observed, or else it
is working within the presence of obstacles which neutralize the impact on the
identical second that it manifests itself. We
produce electrical energy at each second, the ambiance is regularly electrified,
we transfer amongst magnetic currents, but hundreds of thousands of human beings lived for
1000’s of years with out having suspected the existence of electrical energy. It might be the identical with telepathy.” -French thinker and Nobel laureate Henri
Bergson in presidential deal with to the Society for Psychical Analysis in
London, Might 1913
